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Ice Military - A Russian soldier looks over a military base on Kotelny island in April 2019 MAXIME POPOV/AFP via Getty Images.

In 2007, Russia again prioritized the Arctic in line with Vladimir Putin's vision to restore Russia's status as a great power. Now more than ten years later, Russian forces are returning to the Arctic with the United States in mind.

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Attempting to exploit the geostrategic potential of the Arctic has long been an ambition of Soviet and Russian leaders. Based on Russia's early analysis and Stalin's "Red Arctic" propaganda, Russian President Vladimir Putin presented himself with Russia's Arctic ambitions and aimed to use the Arctic narrative of human conquest of nature. as a distinctive feature of the modern Russian state. The Arctic is the backbone of Russia's return to superpower.

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The region is vital to Russia's economic and military future. As a result, large budget increases have increased Russia's military and economic activities in the Arctic over the past decade. Major projects and infrastructure are focused on the development of resources and protection of its sea route, the Northern Sea Route (NSR).

The NSR stretches from the Bering Strait in the east to the Kara Strait in the west, covering nearly 3,500 miles (5,600 kilometers). In recent months, Russia has made important changes related to the implementation of the NSR. This includes giving Rosatom, Russia's nuclear agency, executive control over the route and restricting the movement of foreign warships without 40 days' notice and permission from the Russian government.

Russia considers the NSR an internal waterway, while most countries in the world consider it an international route. Russia's recent increase in control over the NSR reflects its ambitions in the Arctic and is a warning sign of Russia's desire to monitor and control economic activity in the region.

Russia's military capabilities are zoned between the eastern and western parts of its Arctic territory. In Russia's eastern Arctic, international ships travel from the Asia-Pacific region through the narrow Bering Straits to the NSR. Russia has renovated airports, invested in search and rescue, and built radar stations to improve air and sea information. The installation of the Sopka-2 radar system on Wrangel Island (300 miles from Alaska) and Cape Schmidt has been important for improving operational knowledge.

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The systems in the eastern Arctic create a "defense dome," protecting Russia's vast Arctic coastline and improving overall visibility and tracking of ships and aircraft. Sopka-2 radars also control air forces and provide weather data to better inform sailors crossing the NSR. These systems fulfill President Putin's desire to significantly improve maritime traffic along the NSR while increasing Russia's military presence in the region.

The pace of the Russian army changes as one moves towards the heart of the Arctic region. There, Russia has installed sophisticated equipment to protect its air and sea areas. For example, Kotelny Island and Novaya Zemlya are equipped with air defense systems, such as the Bastion-P and Pantsir-S1 systems. These systems create a complex, layered marine barrier that protects the deep interior of the Arctic. Such a capability supports Russia's ability to deny air, maritime, or ground access to NATO or US forces.

In the western Russian Arctic, it is building advanced defensive capabilities as well as offensive capabilities. Outlying areas such as Alexandra Land are equipped with air, sea, and land capabilities that underlie Russia's multi-dimensional naval and air capabilities. The purpose of these defenses is to protect Russia's nuclear arsenal and the second-strike capability led by the powerful Northern Fleet.

The Northern Fleet is stationed at Severomorsk on the Kola Peninsula in the western Arctic. Since then, it has controlled the northwestern part of the country as well as the Arctic Ocean and is responsible for protecting the northern coast of Russia. These ships boast Russia's advanced Arctic, air, and naval equipment.

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Russia's military posture in the Arctic emphasizes early warning and air and naval defense, marked by the reopening of 50 previously closed Soviet-era forces. This includes the construction of 13 air bases, 10 radar stations, 20 external borders, and 10 integrated emergency rescue stations. Russian special forces are also part of the Arctic Brigade and have been deployed in the region for exercises and training.

Most disturbingly, Russia has tested new Arctic-based forces such as hypersonic cruise missiles and nuclear-powered undersea drones. US military officials have expressed growing concern about the number of Russian missiles launched in the Arctic and their "path to reach" the United States.

The navy plays an important role in protecting Russia's Arctic territory and protecting its economic interests. The guardian of Russia's Arctic security is the Northern Fleet. Established in 2014 as the Arctic Strategic Command, the Northern Fleet's surface and sub-surface assets ensure a strong presence in the western Arctic, protecting Russia's northern coast and projecting power across the Kola Peninsula. In 2017, Russia updated its military strategy, clearly showing its ambitions in the Arctic and highlighting the importance of the Northern Fleet.

The Northern Fleet protects Russian military assets on the Kola Peninsula. With this, Russia can freely conduct strategic operations and maintain its nuclear capabilities at sea. The Kola Peninsula boasts the ability to defend the Arctic region and project power in the planned GIUK-N (Greenland, Iceland, and United Kingdom-Norway) Gap, which allows Russia to significantly disrupt NATO's vital sea lines of communication in between North America and Europe. The Northern Fleet not only gives Russia access to the Arctic Ocean, the North Atlantic, and the GIUK-N Gap but also monitors NSR activities.

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The Northern Fleet consists of nuclear-powered missile and torpedo submarines; aircraft carriers and anti-submarines; surface ships with missile, aircraft carrier, and anti-submarine warfare capabilities; coastal forces; independent union power; Russian Air Force and Air Defense Force; and Ground Forces of the Army.

The Russian ice breaker Tor at the Sabetta station in the Arctic Circle | Kirill Kudryavtsev AFP via Getty Images

Completing the Northern Fleet are the largest nuclear and non-nuclear icebreakers in the world, more than 40 ships. Icebreakers play an important role not only in protecting the Russian coast but also in promoting and securing maritime trade through the NSR. The development of Russia's ice-breaking fleet, the size of which is larger than that of other Arctic countries, including the United States (two), is important for both the Russian military and the development program of economy. The icebreakers demonstrate the dual presence of the Russian military, clearing the way for warships and trade and serving as a scientific port when needed. Other Russian icebreakers are also equipped with Kalibr cruise missiles and electronic warfare systems.

Air forces are equally important in maintaining Russia's control over its Arctic territory. In recent years, Russia has reorganized Soviet air bases and built new bases along the NSR. Examples include Rogachevo air base on Novaya Zemlya, Nagurskoye air base on Alexandra Land, and Temp air base on Kotelny Island. Air defense forces and air defense systems are prioritized in new military installations in the Russian Arctic, on the coast and in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). This includes investing in more air and coastal defenses, electronic warfare capabilities, and radar systems.

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Russia is also returning to Cold War tactics, particularly the concept of bastion defense, where Russia maintains a strategic location to ensure its freedom of action. As Russia uses its defense bastion, it further expands its scope, aiming to establish control over the deep waters between Svalbard and Norway and safe maritime space towards the GIUK-N gap. It does this by deploying highly capable submarines, including the Sierra II class — one of Russia's fastest attack ships.

The Russian submarine USS "Seawolf" navigates the Arctic ice at the North Pole, July 30, 2015. NAVY.

Increased operational tempo, scale, and testing of nuclear weapons have been the hallmarks of Russian military exercises in the Arctic over the past four years. Short warning time and planning and tactical movement are emphasized. Russia recently used its defense capabilities during the August 2019 Ocean Shield Exercise. While exercising in the Baltic Sea, the Northern Fleet entered the Northern Sea and made a fire signal in the Norwegian Sea. This effort presents a clear line of defense to maintain the GIUK-N gap and close the English Channel. The purpose of these exercises is to demonstrate Russia's ability to project power beyond Arctic waters and strengthen maritime control.

It is important to note that a similar pattern of Russian behavior occurred about 10 months ago when Russia occupied the Kerch Strait, a narrow strait connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov, closing the Sea of ​​Azov .

Nato Allies, Partners Promote Arctic Security, Military Cooperation > U.s. Northern Command > Article

The Northern Fleet's August 2019 Ocean Shield Exercise took place before or concurrently with the Vostok-18, Tsentr-19, and Grom-19 exercises elsewhere in the Arctic. The Vostok-18 Exercise was held in September 2018 in eastern Russia and partially in the Bering Sea. It includes 300,000 troops and is Russia's largest military deployment since 1981, during the Cold War.

Tsentr-19 took place in the center of Russia in September 2019. The Northern Fleet conducted several operations in the Arctic which included the newly developed Arctic fleet. Special military training also took place in between

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